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Objective To analyze the characteristics of fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of macular edema (ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO), so as to provide evidence for the clinical management of RVO. Methods Totally 75 RVO patients (75 eyes) underwent best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), funduscopy, fundus photography, FA and OCT examination. The correspondence between FA findings and OCT findings for ME and their relationship with BCVA were analyzed. Results It was found that ME occurred in 56 of the 75 eyes. The occurrence of ME was irrelevant to gender and age. Retinal thickness of the central fovea of macula was positively related to logMAR vision(R2=0.322,P=0.001). ME types were mostly FA type 3 and OCT type 2. The vision of FA type 1 was the best and that of OCT type 4 was the worst. There was a certain correspondence between FA type and OCT type: with OCT type 1 usually manifested as FA type 1 and OCT type 2 usually as FA type 3,and FA type 4 had no correspondence to a certain OCT type. ConclusionCystic macular edema is the main presentation of ME secondary to RVO. Different FA types, OCT types and central fovea thickness reflect different visual acuity. There is a certain correspondence between FA types and OCT types, but OCT can not identify ischemia in cystic macular edema. A combination of FA and OCT may help to further distinguish different types of ME before treatment.
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OBJECTIVE@#To study the effects of inhibited Annexin A2 (ANXA2) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro.@*METHODS@#Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting ANXA2 was designed and cloned into double marked lentivirial vector GV248 for RNAi to generate the recombinant expression plasmids, which were stably transfected into HUVECs. The protein and mRNA expression levels of ANXA2 were analyzed by western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Cell proliferation (cell counting kit-8 assay), apoptosis (flow cytometry analysis), the expression (western blotting) and the activity of caspases (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were used to assess the effects of silencing ANXA2 on HUVECs in vitro.@*RESULTS@#The plasmids to express ANXA2-specific shRNA were constructed and were infected into HUVEC resulting in the stably transfected experimental (ANXA2-shRNA), control (control-shRNA) and mock (no plasmid) cell lines, which were verified with western blot and real-time PCR. HUVEC/ANXA2-shRNA showed an inhibition rate 91.89% of ANXA2 expression compared to the mock HUVEC. ANXA2 silencing cell strain obviously presented a lower cell proliferation activity compared to the control and mock HUVECs, with an inhibition rate 82.35% on day 7 in vitro. FACS analysis indicated that the HUVEC/ANXA2-shRNA cells undergoing apoptosis increased by 102.61% compared to the mock HUVECs (P < 0.01). Moreover, the activity levels of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 in HUVEC/ANXA2-shRNA cells were increased and the activated cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-9 were upregulated evidently compared with that of the control and mock HUVECs by 56.29%, 89.59% and 144.58% (P < 0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#shRNA-mediated silencing of ANXA2 could not only be able to suppress HUVECs proliferation but to upregulate the enzyme activity of caspases, which bring to an increase of cell apoptosis. This work suggested that ANXA2 may represent a useful target of future molecular therapies.
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Objective: To study the effects of inhibited Annexin A2 (ANXA2) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Methods: Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting ANXA2 was designed and cloned into double marked lentivirial vector GV248 for RNAi to generate the recombinant expression plasmids, which were stably transfected into HUVECs. The protein and mRNA expression levels of ANXA2 were analyzed by western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Cell proliferation (cell counting kit-8 assay), apoptosis (flow cytometry analysis), the expression (western blotting) and the activity of caspases (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were used to assess the effects of silencing ANXA2 on HUVECs in vitro. Results: The plasmids to express ANXA2-specific shRNA were constructed and were infected into HUVEC resulting in the stably transfected experimental (ANXA2-shRNA), control (control-shRNA) and mock (no plasmid) cell lines, which were verified with western blot and real-time PCR. HUVEC/ANXA2-shRNA showed an inhibition rate 91.89% of ANXA2 expression compared to the mock HUVEC. ANXA2 silencing cell strain obviously presented a lower cell proliferation activity compared to the control and mock HUVECs, with an inhibition rate 82.35% on day 7 in vitro. FACS analysis indicated that the HUVEC/ANXA2-shRNA cells undergoing apoptosis increased by 102.61% compared to the mock HUVECs (P < 0.01). Moreover, the activity levels of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 in HUVEC/ANXA2-shRNA cells were increased and the activated cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-9 were upregulated evidently compared with that of the control and mock HUVECs by 56.29%, 89.59% and 144.58% (P < 0.01). Conclusions: shRNA-mediated silencing of ANXA2 could not only be able to suppress HUVECs proliferation but to upregulate the enzyme activity of caspases, which bring to an increase of cell apoptosis. This work suggested that ANXA2 may represent a useful target of future molecular therapies.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common cause of visual loss in the elderly patients with age-related macular degeneration and represents the growth of subretinal new vessels in the macular region. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between annexin A2 (ANXA2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in CNV.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In a rat model of argon laser coagulation-induced CNV, the mRNA expressions of the annexins and VEGF protein expression in the retina were detected using fluorescent real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The interactions between ANXA2 and VEGF in both a retinal pigment epithelial cell line RPE-J and the rat model of CNV were examined by means of RNA interference, real-time PCR, Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and histopathological examinations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) showed that argon laser coagulation of the retina induced stable CNV models in the rats. Two to three weeks after the coagulation, ANXA2 and VEGF expressions in the coagulated area in the retina and choroid increased to the peak level, while the other annexin members (ANXA4, ANXA5, ANXA7 and ANXA11) showed no obvious changes. In RPE-J cells and the CNV model, RNA interference of ANXA2 gene significantly lowered the VEGF protein and mRNA expressions, and application of an adenoviral vector containing ANXA2 gene markedly increased VEGF expressions in the rat model of CNV, but produced no significant effects on the expressions of the kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) or the fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt-1). The expression of KDR inhibited the increment in ANXA2 expression, but VEGF and Flt-1 did not directly affect ANXA2 expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Besides the role as a plasminogen and the receptor of tissue plasminogen activator, ANXA2, which is under regulation of KDR via a negative feedback mechanism, also participates in neovascularization by regulating VEGF expression through a positive feedback mechanism.</p>
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Animals , Rats , Annexin A2 , Genetics , Physiology , Cells, Cultured , Choroidal Neovascularization , Metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Immunohistochemistry , Laser Coagulation , Lasers, Gas , RNA, Messenger , Rats, Inbred BN , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A , Genetics , PhysiologyABSTRACT
·AIM: To analyze the postoperative anatomical and functional outcomes as well as complications after combined phacoemulsification, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), removal of the intraocular foreign body (IOFB) and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with traumatic cataract and intraocular foreign body.·METHODS: Medical records of 13 patients (13 eyes)with traumatic cataract and IOFB who had undergone combined phacoemulsification, PPV, foreign body extraction and IOL implantation were retrospectively analyzed. The postoperative follow-up ranged from 2 to 12 months. The main measurements of outcomes were the extraction success of cataract and intraocular foreign body, intraoperative and postoperative complications and the final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA).·RESULTS: The mean age of 13 patients (10 male, 3 female ) was 36.8 years (range: 17-65 years). All eight lOFBs were removed. Four intraocular lenses were implanted after vitrectomy intraoperatively. In 5 cases, intraocular lenses were implanted during the second operation. Intraocular lenses were not implanted in 4 cases. BCVA at last ranged from 0.8 to hand movement. BCVA was 0. 5 or better in four eyes, 0.1 to 0. 4 in five eyes, less than 0.1 in four eyes. Intraoperative complications were encountered in 3 patients. They had vitreous hemorrhage. Postoperative complications were encountered in 2 patients. They had retinal detachment. The reoperations of the two patients were successful.·CONCLUSION; The combined phacoemulsification,PPV, removal of IOFB and IOL implantation is safe and effective for patients with traumatic cataract and intraocular foreign body. The visual outcome depended primarily on the corneal or scleral wound and underlying posterior segment pathology and sites.